tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35983926716056780182024-02-19T23:13:46.383-08:00komponen - komponen computerIndra Fikri Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06387683580586865801noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3598392671605678018.post-33661041763173221982011-11-16T02:13:00.000-08:002011-11-16T02:13:25.349-08:00Indra Fikri Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06387683580586865801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3598392671605678018.post-6834617057808358202011-11-16T00:17:00.000-08:002011-11-16T00:17:04.015-08:00KOMPONEN KOMPONEN PADA KOMPUTER<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Motherboard</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, a <b>motherboard</b> is the central <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> (PCB) in many modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> and holds many of the crucial components of the system, providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the <b>mainboard</b>, <b>system board</b>, or, on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> computers, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_board" title="Logic board">logic board</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Engadget_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#cite_note-Engadget-0">[1]</a></sup> It is also sometimes casually shortened to <b>mobo</b>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Webopedia_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#cite_note-Webopedia-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 352px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_E360_Socket_939_motherboard_by_Foxconn.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="257" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Acer_E360_Socket_939_motherboard_by_Foxconn.svg/350px-Acer_E360_Socket_939_motherboard_by_Foxconn.svg.png" width="350" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_E360_Socket_939_motherboard_by_Foxconn.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Motherboard for an Acer desktop personal computer, showing the typical components and interfaces that are found on a motherboard. This model was made by Foxconn in 2008, and follows the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATX" title="ATX">ATX</a> layout (known as the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_form_factor" title="Computer form factor">form factor</a>") usually employed for desktop computers. It is designed to work with AMD's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64" title="Athlon 64">Athlon 64</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpu" title="Cpu">processor</a>.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 452px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EBMotherboard.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="338" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/EBMotherboard.JPG/450px-EBMotherboard.JPG" width="450" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EBMotherboard.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A motherboard of a Vaio E series laptop (right)</div></div></div><table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#CPU_sockets"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">CPU sockets</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#Integrated_peripherals"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Integrated peripherals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#Peripheral_card_slots"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Peripheral card slots</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#Temperature_and_reliability"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Temperature and reliability</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#Form_factor"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Form factor</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#Bootstrapping_using_the_BIOS"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Bootstrapping using the BIOS</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>Prior to the advent of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, a computer was usually built in a card-cage case or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> with components connected by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a> consisting of a set of slots themselves connected with wires; in very old designs the wires were discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU">Central Processing Unit</a>, memory and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripherals" title="Peripherals">peripherals</a> were housed on individual printed circuit boards which plugged into the backplate. During the late 1980s and 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#Integrated_peripherals">see below</a>). In the late 1980s, motherboards began to include single ICs (called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_I/O" title="Super I/O">Super I/O</a> chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_%28computing%29" title="Keyboard (computing)">keyboard</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_%28computing%29" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive" title="Floppy disk drive">floppy disk drive</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ports" title="Serial ports">serial ports</a>, and parallel ports. As of the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards supported a full range of audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_cards" title="Expansion cards">expansion cards</a> at all; higher-end systems for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> gaming and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a> typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component.<br />
The early pioneers of motherboard manufacturing were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronics" title="Micronics">Micronics</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylex" title="Mylex">Mylex</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Megatrends" title="American Megatrends">AMI</a>, DTK, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauppauge_Computer_Works" title="Hauppauge Computer Works">Hauppauge</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid_Technology" title="Orchid Technology">Orchid Technology</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitegroup" title="Elitegroup">Elitegroup</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFI" title="DFI">DFI</a>, and a number of Taiwan-based manufacturers.<br />
The most popular computers such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse-engineering" title="Reverse-engineering">reverse-engineering</a> and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment<br />
The term mainboard is applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability. In modern terms this would include <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systems" title="Embedded systems">embedded systems</a> and controlling boards in televisions, washing machines, etc. A motherboard specifically refers to a printed circuit board with expansion capability.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span></h2>A motherboard, like a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a>, provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate, but unlike a backplane, it also connects the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices.<br />
A typical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computer</a> has its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_storage" title="Primary storage">main memory</a>, and other essential components connected to the motherboard. Other components such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_storage" title="External storage">external storage</a>, controllers for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_card" title="Video card">video</a> display and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables, although in modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.<br />
An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a>, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard.<br />
Modern motherboards include, at a minimum:<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket" title="CPU socket">sockets</a> (or slots) in which one or more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> may be installed<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup></li>
<li>slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed (typically in the form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM" title="DIMM">DIMM</a> modules containing <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random_access_memory" title="Dynamic random access memory">DRAM</a> chips)</li>
<li>a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a> which forms an interface between the CPU's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-side_bus" title="Front-side bus">front-side bus</a>, main memory, and peripheral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_%28computing%29" title="Bus (computing)">buses</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a> chips (usually <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_ROM" title="Flash ROM">Flash ROM</a> in modern motherboards) containing the system's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a></li>
<li>a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_generator" title="Clock generator">clock generator</a> which produces the system <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">clock signal</a> to synchronize the various components</li>
<li>slots for expansion cards (these interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)</li>
<li>power connectors, which receive electrical power from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_power_supply" title="Computer power supply">computer power supply</a> and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup></li>
</ul><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="146" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg/220px-386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The Octek Jaguar V motherboard from 1993.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> This board has few onboard peripherals, as evidenced by the 6 slots provided for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISA_bus" title="ISA bus">ISA</a> cards and the lack of other built-in external interface connectors.</div></div></div>Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS/2_connector" title="PS/2 connector">PS/2 connectors</a> for a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a> and keyboard. Early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> included only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_Jr" title="IBM PC Jr">IBM PC Jr</a>. Additional peripherals such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_controller" title="Disk controller">disk controllers</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a> were provided as expansion cards.<br />
Given the high <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_Design_Power" title="Thermal Design Power">thermal design power</a> of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sinks</a> and mounting points for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_fan" title="Computer fan">fans</a> to dissipate excess heat.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: CPU sockets">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="CPU_sockets">CPU sockets</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket" title="CPU socket">CPU socket</a></div>A CPU socket or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support the CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets can most often be found in most desktop and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_computer" title="Server computer">server computers</a> (laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the Intel <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_architecture" title="X86 architecture">x86 architecture</a> on the motherboard. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support the CPU series and speed.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Integrated peripherals">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Integrated_peripherals">Integrated peripherals</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 258px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motherboard_diagram.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="394" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Motherboard_diagram.svg/256px-Motherboard_diagram.svg.png" width="256" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motherboard_diagram.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Block diagram of a modern motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral functions as well as several expansion slots.</div></div></div>With the steadily declining costs and size of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, it is now possible to include support for many <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripherals" title="Peripherals">peripherals</a> on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a>, the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_form_factor" title="Small form factor">small form factor</a> and budget computers.<br />
For example, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitegroup_Computer_Systems" title="Elitegroup Computer Systems">ECS</a> RS485M-M,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup> a typical modern budget motherboard for computers based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a> processors, has on-board support for a very large range of peripherals:<br />
<ul><li>disk controllers for a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk drive</a>, up to 2 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT_Attachment" title="AT Attachment">PATA</a> drives, and up to 6 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATA" title="Serial ATA">SATA</a> drives (including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID#Standard_RAID_levels" title="RAID">RAID 0/1</a> support)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Graphics#Integrated_graphics_solutions" title="Integrated Graphics">integrated</a> graphics controller supporting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> graphics, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV-out" title="TV-out">TV</a> output</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_card#Integrated_sound_on_the_PC" title="Sound card">integrated sound card</a> supporting 8-channel (7.1) audio and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a> output</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Ethernet" title="Fast Ethernet">Fast Ethernet</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_card" title="Network card">network controller</a> for 10/100 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabit" title="Megabit">Mbit</a> networking</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB 2.0</a> controller supporting up to 12 USB ports</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IrDA</a> controller for infrared data communication (e.g. with an IrDA-enabled cellular phone or printer)</li>
<li>temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> to monitor the health of computer components</li>
</ul>Expansion cards to support all of these functions would have cost hundreds of dollars even a decade ago; however, as of April 2007 such highly integrated motherboards are available for as little as $30 in the US.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peripheral card slots">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Peripheral_card_slots">Peripheral card slots</span></h3>A typical motherboard of 2009 will have a different number of connections depending on its standard.<br />
A standard ATX motherboard will typically have one PCI-E 16x connection for a graphics card, two conventional PCI slots for various expansion cards, and one PCI-E 1x (which will eventually supersede <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCI" title="Conventional PCI">PCI</a>). A standard <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EATX" title="EATX">EATX</a> motherboard will have one PCI-E 16x connection for a graphics card, and a varying number of PCI and PCI-E 1x slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E 4x slot. (This varies between brands and models.)<br />
Some motherboards have two PCI-E 16x slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Link_Interface" title="Scalable Link Interface">SLI</a> (for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_CrossFire" title="ATI CrossFire">Crossfire</a> (for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI" title="ATI">ATI</a>). These allow 2 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a>.<br />
As of 2007, virtually all motherboards come with at least four <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> ports on the rear, with at least 2 connections on the board internally for wiring additional front ports that may be built into the computer's case. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> is also included. This is a standard networking cable for connecting the computer to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a>. A sound chip is always included on the motherboard, to allow sound output without the need for any extra <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">components</a>. This allows computers to be far more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a>-based than before. Some motherboards contain video outputs on the back panel for integrated graphics solutions (either embedded in the motherboard, or combined with the microprocessor, such as the Intel HD Graphics). A separate card may still be used.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Temperature and reliability">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Temperature_and_reliability">Temperature and reliability</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cooling" title="Computer cooling">Computer cooling</a></div>Motherboards are generally <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">air cooled</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sinks</a> often mounted on larger chips, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge_%28computing%29" title="Northbridge (computing)">Northbridge</a>, in modern motherboards. Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer and cause it to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_%28computing%29" title="Crash (computing)">crash</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a>, or a single fan mounted on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a>, was sufficient for many desktop computer CPUs until the late 1990s; since then, most have required <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_fan" title="CPU fan">CPU fans</a> mounted on their <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sinks" title="Heat sinks">heat sinks</a>, due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fans" title="Case fans">case fans</a> as well. Newer motherboards have integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures, and controllable fan connectors which the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> can use to regulate fan speed. Some computers (which typically have high-performance microprocessors, large amounts of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM" title="RAM">RAM</a>, and high-performance <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_cards" title="Video cards">video cards</a>) use a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-cooling" title="Water-cooling">water-cooling</a> system instead of many fans.<br />
Some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_form_factor" title="Small form factor">small form factor</a> computers and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">home theater PCs</a> designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as careful layout of the motherboard and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">components</a> to allow for heat sink placement.<br />
A 2003 study<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O" title="I/O">I/O</a> read/write errors, can be attributed not to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> or peripheral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware">hardware</a> but to aging <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitors" title="Capacitors">capacitors</a> on PC motherboards. Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MicroATX_Motherboard_with_AMD_Athlon_Processor_2_Digon3.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="138" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MicroATX_Motherboard_with_AMD_Athlon_Processor_2_Digon3.jpg/150px-MicroATX_Motherboard_with_AMD_Athlon_Processor_2_Digon3.jpg" width="150" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MicroATX_Motherboard_with_AMD_Athlon_Processor_2_Digon3.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A microATX motherboard with some faulty capacitors.</div></div></div><dl><dd><i>For more information on premature capacitor failure on PC motherboards, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague" title="Capacitor plague">capacitor plague</a>.</i></dd></dl>Motherboards use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_capacitor" title="Electrolytic capacitor">electrolytic capacitors</a> to filter the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C below this. At 45 °C a lifetime of 15 years can be expected. This appears reasonable for a computer motherboard. However, many manufacturers have delivered substandard capacitors,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup> which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures easily exacerbate this problem. It is possible, but tedious and time-consuming, to find and replace failed capacitors on PC motherboards.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Form factor">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Form_factor">Form factor</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_computer_form_factors" title="Comparison of computer form factors">Comparison of computer form factors</a></div>Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_form_factor" title="Computer form factor">computer form factor</a>, some of which are specific to individual <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Types_of_motherboard_manufacturers&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Types of motherboard manufacturers (page does not exist)">computer manufacturers</a>. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">case</a> sizes. As of 2007, most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computer</a> motherboards use one of these<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from April 2011">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> standard form factors—even those found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> computers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and PSU form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of the same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroATX" title="MicroATX">microATX</a> motherboard.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a> computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard, which is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard due to the large number of integrated components.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bootstrapping using the BIOS">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bootstrapping_using_the_BIOS">Bootstrapping using the BIOS</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">booting</a></div>Motherboards contain some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a> to initialize the system and load an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> from some external peripheral device. Microcomputers such as the Apple II and IBM PC used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> chips, mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the central processor would load its program counter with the address of the boot ROM and start executing ROM instructions, displaying system information on the screen and running memory checks, which would in turn start loading memory from an external or peripheral device (disk drive). If none is available, then the computer can perform tasks from other memory stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer and version of the BIOS.<br />
Most modern motherboard designs use a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, stored in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> chip soldered or socketed to the motherboard, to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap" title="Bootstrap">bootstrap</a> an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. When power is first applied to the motherboard, the BIOS firmware tests and configures memory, circuitry, and peripherals. This <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-On_Self_Test" title="Power-On Self Test">Power-On Self Test</a> (POST) may include testing some of the following things:<br />
<ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_adapter" title="Video adapter">video adapter</a></li>
<li>cards inserted into slots, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCI" title="Conventional PCI">conventional PCI</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_drive" title="Floppy drive">floppy drive</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistors</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltages</a>, and fan speeds for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_monitoring" title="Hardware monitoring">hardware monitoring</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> used to store <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS_setup" title="BIOS setup">BIOS setup</a> configuration</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_%28computing%29" title="Keyboard (computing)">keyboard</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> controller</li>
<li>optical drives: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-ROM" title="DVD-ROM">DVD-ROM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> hard drive</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Drive_Electronics" title="Integrated Drive Electronics">IDE</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIDE" title="EIDE">EIDE</a>, or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a></li>
<li>security devices, such as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint_reader" title="Fingerprint reader">fingerprint reader</a> or the state of a latch switch to detect intrusion</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> devices, such as a memory storage device</li>
</ul>On recent motherboards, the BIOS may also patch the central processor microcode if the BIOS detects that the installed CPU is one in for which <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errata" title="Errata">errata</a> has been published. Many of the above devices can be stored with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> instructions to load an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a>.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">Accelerated Graphics Port</a> (AGP)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">Backplane</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Processing_Unit" title="Central Processing Unit">Central Processing Unit</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">Chipset</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCI" title="Conventional PCI">Conventional PCI</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughterboard" title="Daughterboard">Daughterboard</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-side_bus" title="Front-side bus">Front-side bus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a> (ISA)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers#Motherboards" title="List of computer hardware manufacturers">List of motherboard manufacturers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offboard" title="Offboard">Offboard</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overclocking" title="Overclocking">Overclocking</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board comput</a></li>
</ul>Indra Fikri Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06387683580586865801noreply@blogger.com0